Q1. In a grazing food chain the producers fix 50,000 kJ of energy. According to the 10 per cent law, the energy available to the secondary consumer (third trophic level) is
- 5000 kJ
- 50 kJ
- 5 kJ
- 500 kJ
NCERT · Class 12
NCERT Class 12 Biology: Chapter List and Official PDFs
All 13 chapters of the NCERT Class 12 Biology textbook(s), with the section headings of each chapter and a link to the official PDF on ncert.nic.in. Open a chapter to see what it covers.
13 chapters
Biology (Class 12, NCERT)
Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering PlantsUnit VI: Reproduction
- Flower – a Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms
- Pre-fertilisation: Structures and Events
- Double Fertilisation
- Post-fertilisation : Structures and Events
- Apomixis and Polyembryony
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 2: Human ReproductionUnit VI: Reproduction
- The Male Reproductive System
- The Female Reproductive System
- Gametogenesis
- Menstrual Cycle
- Fertilisation and Implantation
- Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
- Parturition and Lactation
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 3: Reproductive HealthUnit VI: Reproduction
- Reproductive Health – Problems and Strategies
- Population Stabilisation and Birth Control
- Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
- Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
- Infertility
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and VariationUnit VII: Genetics and Evolution
- Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
- Inheritance of One Gene
- Inheritance of Two Genes
- Polygenic Inheritance
- Pleiotropy
- Sex Determination
- Mutation
- Genetic Disorders
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of InheritanceUnit VII: Genetics and Evolution
- The DNA
- The Search for Genetic Material
- RNA World
- Replication
- Transcription
- Genetic Code
- Translation
- Regulation of Gene Expression
- Human Genome Project
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 6: EvolutionUnit VII: Genetics and Evolution
- Origin of Life
- Evolution of Life Forms – a Theory
- What are the Evidences for Evolution?
- What is Adaptive Radiation?
- Biological Evolution
- Mechanism of Evolution
- Hardy-Weinberg Principle
- A Brief Account of Evolution
- Origin and Evolution of Man
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 7: Human Health and DiseaseUnit VIII: Biology and Human Welfare
- Common Diseases in Humans
- Immunity
- AIDS
- Cancer
- Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 8: Microbes in Human WelfareUnit VIII: Biology and Human Welfare
- Microbes in Household Products
- Microbes in Industrial Products
- Microbes in Sewage Treatment
- Microbes in Production of Biogas
- Microbes as Biocontrol Agents
- Microbes as Biofertilisers
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and ProcessesUnit IX: Biotechnology and its Applications
- Principles of Biotechnology
- Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its ApplicationsUnit IX: Biotechnology and its Applications
- Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture
- Biotechnological Applications in Medicine
- Transgenic Animals
- Ethical Issues
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 11: Organisms and PopulationsUnit X: Ecology and Environment
- Populations
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 12: EcosystemUnit X: Ecology and Environment
- Ecosystem – Structure and Function
- Productivity
- Decomposition
- Energy Flow
- Ecological Pyramids
- Summary
- Exercises
Chapter 13: Biodiversity and ConservationUnit X: Ecology and Environment
- Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Summary
- Exercises
Free sample questions
Three sample questions with answers. Full explanations — and the rest of the question bank — are free to read after you sign up.
Q2. Which of the following is NOT one of the three biodiversity hotspots that cover India's exceptionally rich biodiversity regions?
- Tropical Andes
- Western Ghats and Sri Lanka
- Indo-Burma
- Himalaya
Show answer
Correct answer: A. Tropical Andes
🔒 The full explanation is free to read after you sign up →
Q3. In a monohybrid cross between heterozygous tall pea plants (Tt × Tt), the genotypic ratio of the progeny is:
- 3:1
- 1:1
- 1:2:1
- 9:3:3:1
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Chapter lists follow the NCERT textbooks as available to us; textbooks are revised from time to time, so confirm on ncert.nic.in.
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