NCERT · Class 12
NCERT Class 12 Geography: Chapter List and Official PDFs
All 21 chapters of the NCERT Class 12 Geography textbook(s), with the section headings of each chapter and a link to the official PDF on ncert.nic.in. Open a chapter to see what it covers.
21 chapters3 books
Fundamentals of Human Geography
Chapter 1: Human Geography: Nature and ScopeUnit I: Human Geography
- Nature of Human Geography
- Fields and Sub-fields of Human Geography
- Exercises
Chapter 2: The World Population: Distribution, Density and GrowthUnit II: The World Population / Human Development
- Patterns of Population Distribution in the World
- Density of Population
- Factors Influencing the Distribution of Population
- Population Growth
- Demographic Transition
- Population Control Measures
- Exercises
Chapter 3: Human DevelopmentUnit II: The World Population / Human Development
- Human Development
- Growth and Development
- The Four Pillars of Human Development
- Approaches to Human Development
- Measuring Human Development
- International Comparisons
- Exercises
Chapter 4: Primary ActivitiesUnit III: Economic Activities (Primary to International Trade)
- Hunting and Gathering
- Pastoralism
- Agriculture
- Mining
- Exercises
Chapter 5: Secondary ActivitiesUnit III: Economic Activities (Primary to International Trade)
- Manufacturing
- Classification of Manufacturing Industries
- Concept of High Technology Industry
- Exercises
Chapter 6: Tertiary and Quaternary ActivitiesUnit III: Economic Activities (Primary to International Trade)
- Types of Tertiary Activities
- People Engaged in Tertiary Activities
- Some Selected Examples
- Quaternary Activities
- Quinary Activities
- The Digital Divide
- Exercises
Chapter 7: Transport and CommunicationUnit III: Economic Activities (Primary to International Trade)
- Transport
- Modes of Transport
- Communications
- Exercises
Chapter 8: International TradeUnit III: Economic Activities (Primary to International Trade)
- History of International Trade
- Why Does International Trade Exist?
- Basis of International Trade
- Balance of Trade
- Types of International Trade
- Case for Free Trade
- Dumping
- World Trade Organisation
- Regional Trade Blocs
- Concerns Related to International Trade
- Gateways of International Trade
- Exercises
India: People and Economy
Chapter 1: Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and CompositionUnit I: Population
- Distribution of Population
- Density of Population
- Growth of Population
- Population Composition
- Promoting Gender Sensitivity through ‘Beti Bachao–Beti Padhao’ Social Campaign
- Exercises
Chapter 2: Human SettlementsUnit II: Human Settlements
- Rural Settlements (Types of Settlements)
- Urban Settlements
- Exercises
Chapter 3: Land Resources and AgricultureUnit III: Resources and Development
- Land Use Categories
- Land-use Changes in India
- Common Property Resources
- Agricultural Land Use in India
- Cropping Seasons in India
- Types of Farming
- Foodgrains
- Oilseeds
- Fibre Crops
- Other Crops
- Agricultural Development in India
- Problems of Indian Agriculture
- Exercises
Chapter 4: Water ResourcesUnit III: Resources and Development
- Water Resources of India
- Water Demand and Utilisation
- Emerging Water Problems
- Water Conservation and Management
- Highlights of India’s National Water Policy 2012
- Jal Kranti Abhiyan (2015-16)
- Exercises
Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy ResourcesUnit III: Resources and Development
- Types of Mineral Resources
- Distribution of Minerals in India
- Ferrous Minerals
- Non-Ferrous Minerals
- Non-metallic Minerals
- Energy Resources
- Non-Conventional Energy Sources
- Conservation of Mineral Resources
- Exercises
Chapter 6: Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian ContextUnit III: Resources and Development
- Planning (introduction)
- Target Area Planning
- Sustainable Development
- Exercises
- Project
Chapter 7: Transport and CommunicationUnit IV: Transport, Communication and Trade
- Land Transport
- Water Transport
- Air Transportation
- Oil and Gas Pipelines
- Communication Networks
- Exercises
- Project
Chapter 8: International TradeUnit IV: Transport, Communication and Trade
- Changing Pattern of the Composition of India’s Exports
- Direction of Trade
- Sea Ports as Gateways of International Trade
- Airports
- Exercises
Chapter 9: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and ProblemsUnit V: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
- Environmental Pollution
- Urban Waste Disposal
- Rural–Urban Migration
- Problems of Slums
- Land Degradation
- Exercises
Practical Work in Geography Part II
Chapter 1: Data – Its Source and CompilationGeography Practical Part II (Practical component)
- What is Data?
- Need of Data
- Sources of Data
- Types of Data
- Tabulation and Classification of Data: Frequency Distribution
- Frequency Polygon
Chapter 2: Data ProcessingGeography Practical Part II (Practical component)
- Measures of Central Tendency
- Comparison of Mean, Median and Mode
Chapter 3: Graphical Representation of DataGeography Practical Part II (Practical component)
- General Rules for Drawing Diagrams, Graphs and Maps
- Construction of a Line Graph
- Polygraph
- Bar Diagram
- Pie Diagram (Calculation of Angles; Construction; Precautions)
- Flow Map / Flow Chart (Requirements for the Preparation of a Flow Map)
- Thematic Maps
Chapter 4: Spatial Information TechnologyGeography Practical Part II (Practical component)
- What is Spatial Information Technology?
- What is GIS (Geographical Information System)?
- Advantages of GIS over Manual Systems
- Components of GIS
- Spatial Data Formats
- Spatial Data Input
- Entering the Attribute Data
- Geographic Data: Linkages and Matching
- Spatial Analysis
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Chapter lists follow the NCERT textbooks as available to us; textbooks are revised from time to time, so confirm on ncert.nic.in.
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