NCERT · Class 12
NCERT Class 12 Economics: Chapter List and Official PDFs
All 14 chapters of the NCERT Class 12 Economics textbook(s), with the section headings of each chapter and a link to the official PDF on ncert.nic.in. Open a chapter to see what it covers.
14 chapters2 books
Indian Economic Development
Chapter 1: Indian Economy on the Eve of IndependencePart B, Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Low Level of Economic Development under the Colonial Rule
- 1.3 Agricultural Sector
- 1.4 Industrial Sector
- 1.5 Foreign Trade
- 1.6 Demographic Condition
- 1.7 Occupational Structure
- 1.8 Infrastructure
- 1.9 Conclusion
- Recap
- Exercises
Chapter 2: Indian Economy 1950-1990Part B, Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 The Goals of Five Year Plans
- 2.3 Agriculture
- 2.4 Industry and Trade
- 2.5 Trade Policy: Import Substitution
- 2.6 Conclusion
- Recap
- Exercises
Chapter 3: Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation: An AppraisalPart B, Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Background
- 3.3 Liberalisation
- 3.4 Privatisation
- 3.5 Globalisation
- 3.6 Indian Economy during Reforms: An Assessment
- 3.7 Conclusion
- Recap
- Exercises
Chapter 4: Human Capital Formation in IndiaPart B, Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 What is Human Capital?
- 4.3 Sources of Human Capital
- 4.4 Human Capital and Human Development
- 4.5 State of Human Capital Formation in India
- 4.6 Education Sector in India
- 4.7 Future Prospects
- 4.8 Conclusion
- Recap
- Exercises
Chapter 5: Rural DevelopmentPart B, Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 What is Rural Development?
- 5.3 Credit and Marketing in Rural Areas
- 5.4 Agricultural Market System
- 5.5 Diversification into Productive Activities
- 5.6 Sustainable Development and Organic Farming
- 5.7 Conclusion
- Recap
- Exercises
Chapter 6: Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other IssuesPart B, Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Workers and Employment
- 6.3 Participation of People in Employment
- 6.4 Self-Employed and Hired Workers
- 6.5 Employment in Firms, Factories and Offices
- 6.6 Growth and Changing Structure of Employment
- 6.7 Informalisation of Indian Workforce
- 6.8 Unemployment
- 6.9 Government and Employment Generation
- 6.10 Conclusion
- Recap
- Exercises
Chapter 7: Environment and Sustainable DevelopmentPart B, Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Environment — Definition and Functions
- 7.3 State of India’s Environment
- 7.4 Sustainable Development
- 7.5 Strategies for Sustainable Development
- 7.6 Conclusion
- Recap
- Exercises
Chapter 8: Comparative Development Experiences of India and its NeighboursPart B, Unit 8: Development Experience of India: A comparison with neighbours
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Developmental Path — A Snapshot View
- 8.3 Demographic Indicators
- 8.4 Gross Domestic Product and Sectors
- 8.5 Indicators of Human Development
- 8.6 Development Strategies — An Appraisal
- 8.7 Conclusion
- Recap
- Exercises
Introductory Macroeconomics
Chapter 1: IntroductionPart A, Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates
- Introduction
- 1.1 Emergence of Macroeconomics
- 1.2 Context of the Present Book of Macroeconomics
- Summary
- Key Concepts
- Exercises
Chapter 2: National Income AccountingPart A, Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates
- 2.1 Some Basic Concepts of Macroeconomics
- 2.2 Circular Flow of Income and Methods of Calculating National Income
- 2.3 Some Macroeconomic Identities
- 2.4 Nominal and Real GDP
- 2.5 GDP and Welfare
- Summary
- Key Concepts
- Exercises
- Suggested Readings
- Appendix 2.1
- Appendix 2.2
Chapter 3: Money and BankingPart A, Unit 2: Money and Banking
- 3.1 Functions of Money
- 3.2 Demand for Money and Supply of Money
- 3.3 Money Creation by Banking System
- 3.4 Policy Tools to Control Money Supply
- Summary
- Key Concepts
- Exercises
- Appendix 3.1
- Appendix 3.2
- Appendix 3.3
Chapter 4: Determination of Income and EmploymentPart A, Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment
- 4.1 Aggregate Demand and its Components
- 4.2 Determination of Income in Two-sector Model
- 4.3 Determination of Equilibrium Income in the Short Run
- 4.4 Some More Concepts
- Summary
- Key Concepts
- Exercises
- Suggested Readings
Chapter 5: Government Budget and the EconomyPart A, Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy
- 5.1 Government Budget — Meaning and its Components
- 5.2 Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget
- Summary
- Key Concepts
- Exercises
- Suggested Readings
Chapter 6: Open Economy MacroeconomicsPart A, Unit 5: Balance of Payments
- 6.1 The Balance of Payments
- 6.2 The Foreign Exchange Market
- Key Concepts
- Exercises
- Suggested Readings
- Appendix 6.1
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Chapter lists follow the NCERT textbooks as available to us; textbooks are revised from time to time, so confirm on ncert.nic.in.
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