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NCERT · Class 12

NCERT Class 12 Sociology: Chapter List and Official PDFs

All 11 chapters of the NCERT Class 12 Sociology textbook(s), with the section headings of each chapter and a link to the official PDF on ncert.nic.in. Open a chapter to see what it covers.

11 chapters2 books

Indian Society

Chapter 1: Introducing Indian SocietyUnit 1: Introducing Indian Society
  • Sociology and everyday knowledge about society (opening discussion)
  • 1.2 A Preview of this Book

Official NCERT PDF (English) · हिंदी माध्यम PDF

Chapter 2: The Demographic Structure of the Indian SocietyUnit 2: The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
  • Introduction
  • 2.1 Some Theories and Concepts in Demography
  • 2.2 Size and Growth of India's Population
  • 2.3 Age Structure of the Indian Population
  • 2.4 The Declining Sex-ratio in India
  • 2.5 Literacy
  • 2.6 Rural-Urban Differences
  • 2.7 Population Policy in India
  • Questions, References and Websites

Official NCERT PDF (English) · हिंदी माध्यम PDF

Chapter 3: Social Institutions: Continuity and ChangeUnit 3: Social Institutions: Continuity and Change
  • Introduction
  • 3.1 Caste and the Caste System
  • 3.2 Tribal Communities
  • 3.3 Family and Kinship
  • Questions and References

Official NCERT PDF (English) · हिंदी माध्यम PDF

Chapter 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and ExclusionUnit 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
  • Introduction
  • 5.1 What Is Social About Social Inequality and Exclusion?
  • 5.2 Caste and Tribe - Systems Justifying and Perpetuating Inequality
  • 5.3 Struggle for Women's Equality and Rights
  • 5.4 The Struggles of the Disabled
  • Questions and References

Official NCERT PDF (English) · हिंदी माध्यम PDF

Chapter 6: The Challenges of Cultural DiversityUnit 6: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
  • Introduction
  • 6.1 The Importance of Community Identity
  • 6.2 Regionalism in the Indian Context
  • 6.3 Religion-related Issues and Identities
  • 6.4 State and Civil Society
  • Questions and References

Official NCERT PDF (English) · हिंदी माध्यम PDF

Chapter 7: Suggestions for Project WorkUnit 7: Suggestions for Project Work
  • Introduction
  • 7.1 Variety of Methods
  • 7.2 Possible themes and subjects for small research projects
  • Notes

Official NCERT PDF (English) · हिंदी माध्यम PDF

Social Change and Development in India

Chapter 1: Structural ChangeUnit 8: Structural Change
  • Introduction: how colonialism lives on in contemporary India
  • 1.1 Understanding Colonialism
  • 1.2 Urbanisation and Industrialisation
  • Conclusion
  • Questions and References

Official NCERT PDF (English) · हिंदी माध्यम PDF

Chapter 2: Cultural ChangeUnit 9: Cultural Change
  • Introduction
  • 2.1 Social Reform Movements in the 19th and early 20th Century
  • 2.2 Different Kinds of Social Change
  • 2.3 Different Kinds of Social Change
  • Conclusion
  • Questions and References

Official NCERT PDF (English) · हिंदी माध्यम PDF

Chapter 4: Change and Development in Rural SocietyUnit 11: Change and Development in Rural Society
  • Introduction
  • 4.1 Agrarian Structure: Caste and Class in Rural India
  • 4.2 The Impact of Land Reforms
  • 4.3 The Green Revolution and its Social Consequences
  • 4.4 Transformations in Rural Society after Independence
  • 4.5 Circulation of Labour
  • 4.6 Globalisation, Liberalisation, and Rural Society
  • Questions and References

Official NCERT PDF (English) · हिंदी माध्यम PDF

Chapter 5: Change and Development in Industrial SocietyUnit 12: Change and Development in Industrial Society
  • Introduction
  • 5.1 Images of Industrial Society
  • 5.2 Industrialisation in India
  • 5.3 How People Find Jobs
  • 5.4 How is Work Carried Out?
  • 5.5 Working Conditions
  • 5.6 Home-based Work
  • 5.7 Strikes and Unions
  • Questions

Official NCERT PDF (English) · हिंदी माध्यम PDF

Chapter 8: Social MovementsUnit 15: Social Movements
  • Introduction: The Right to Vote
  • 8.1 Features of a Social Movement
  • 8.2 Sociology and Social Movements
  • 8.3 Types of Social Movements
  • 8.4 Ecological Movements
  • 8.5 Class Based Movements
  • 8.6 Caste Based Movements
  • 8.7 The Tribal Movements
  • 8.8 The Women's Movement
  • Conclusion
  • Questions and References

Official NCERT PDF (English) · हिंदी माध्यम PDF

Free sample questions

Three sample questions with answers. Full explanations — and the rest of the question bank — are free to read after you sign up.

Q1. Bourdieu divides social resources into three forms of capital. Educational qualifications and status are an example of which form?

  1. Economic capital
  2. Cultural capital
  3. Social capital
  4. Symbolic capital
Show answer

Correct answer: B. Cultural capital

🔒 The full explanation is free to read after you sign up →

Q2. In the Tebhaga movement (1946-47) the sharecroppers of Bengal demanded

  1. half of the produce instead of one-third
  2. two-thirds of their produce instead of the customary half
  3. complete abolition of land revenue
  4. equal pay for men and women in the fields
Show answer

Correct answer: B. two-thirds of their produce instead of the customary half

🔒 The full explanation is free to read after you sign up →

Q3. The term 'agrarian structure' is often used to refer to:

  1. the number of crops grown in a village in a year
  2. the ranking of castes by ritual purity in a village
  3. the structure or distribution of landholding
  4. the amount of rainfall received in a region
Show answer

Correct answer: C. the structure or distribution of landholding

🔒 The full explanation is free to read after you sign up →

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Chapter lists follow the NCERT textbooks as available to us; textbooks are revised from time to time, so confirm on ncert.nic.in.

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